"flasca" meaning in All languages combined

See flasca on Wiktionary

Noun [Latin]

Etymology: Borrowed from Frankish *flaskā (“bottle, flask”). Attested in Isidore. Etymology templates: {{bor|la|frk|*flaskā||bottle, flask}} Frankish *flaskā (“bottle, flask”) Head templates: {{la-noun|flasca<1>}} flasca f (genitive flascae); first declension, {{tlb|la|LL.}} (Late Latin) Inflection templates: {{la-ndecl|flasca<1>}} Forms: flascae [genitive], no-table-tags [table-tags], flasca [nominative, singular], flascae [nominative, plural], flascae [genitive, singular], flascārum [genitive, plural], flascae [dative, singular], flascīs [dative, plural], flascam [accusative, singular], flascās [accusative, plural], flascā [ablative, singular], flascīs [ablative, plural], flasca [singular, vocative], flascae [plural, vocative]
  1. flask Wikipedia link: Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, Isidore Tags: Late-Latin, declension-1, feminine

Noun [Old Dutch]

Etymology: From Proto-West Germanic *flaskā, from Proto-Germanic *flaskǭ. Etymology templates: {{inh|odt|gmw-pro|*flaskā}} Proto-West Germanic *flaskā, {{inh|odt|gem-pro|*flaskǭ}} Proto-Germanic *flaskǭ Head templates: {{head|odt|noun|cat2=|g=f|g2=|g3=|head=|sort=}} *flasca f, {{odt-noun|f}} *flasca f Inflection templates: {{odt-decl-noun-o|flasc}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], flasca [nominative, singular], flasca [nominative, plural], flascon [nominative, plural], flasca [accusative, singular], flascon [accusative, singular], flasca [accusative, plural], flascon [accusative, plural], flascon [genitive, singular], flascono [genitive, plural], flascon [dative, singular], flascon [dative, plural]
  1. bottle, flask Tags: feminine, reconstruction
    Sense id: en-flasca-odt-noun-NpiPlhuK Categories (other): Old Dutch entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries

Noun [Old High German]

Etymology: From Proto-West Germanic *flaskā. Etymology templates: {{inh|goh|gmw-pro|*flaskā}} Proto-West Germanic *flaskā Head templates: {{head|goh|noun|||||g=f|g2=|head=|sort=}} flasca f, {{goh-noun|f}} flasca f
  1. alternative form of flaska Tags: alt-of, alternative, feminine Alternative form of: flaska
    Sense id: en-flasca-goh-noun-s6jH34kb Categories (other): Old High German entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries
{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "frk",
        "3": "*flaskā",
        "4": "",
        "5": "bottle, flask"
      },
      "expansion": "Frankish *flaskā (“bottle, flask”)",
      "name": "bor"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Frankish *flaskā (“bottle, flask”). Attested in Isidore.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "flascae",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flasca",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascārum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascīs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascās",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascīs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flasca",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "flasca<1>"
      },
      "expansion": "flasca f (genitive flascae); first declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "LL."
      },
      "expansion": "(Late Latin)",
      "name": "tlb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "flasca<1>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Late Latin",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "flask"
      ],
      "id": "en-flasca-la-noun-uHqlJwdy",
      "links": [
        [
          "flask",
          "flask"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Late-Latin",
        "declension-1",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch",
        "Isidore"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "flasca"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*flaskā"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *flaskā",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *flaskā.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "g": "f",
        "g2": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "flasca f",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "flasca f",
      "name": "goh-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old High German",
  "lang_code": "goh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "flaska"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old High German entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "alternative form of flaska"
      ],
      "id": "en-flasca-goh-noun-s6jH34kb",
      "links": [
        [
          "flaska",
          "flaska#Old_High_German"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "feminine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "flasca"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Afrikaans",
              "lang_code": "af",
              "word": "fles"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "lang_code": "nl",
          "word": "fles"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Dutch",
      "lang_code": "dum",
      "word": "flassce"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Afrikaans",
              "lang_code": "af",
              "word": "fles"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "lang_code": "nl",
          "word": "fles"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Dutch",
      "lang_code": "dum",
      "word": "flesce"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Afrikaans",
              "lang_code": "af",
              "word": "fles"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "lang_code": "nl",
          "word": "fles"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Dutch",
      "lang_code": "dum",
      "word": "vlessche"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Afrikaans",
              "lang_code": "af",
              "word": "fles"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "lang_code": "nl",
          "word": "fles"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Dutch",
      "lang_code": "dum",
      "word": "vlesch"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Afrikaans",
              "lang_code": "af",
              "word": "fles"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "lang_code": "nl",
          "word": "fles"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Dutch",
      "lang_code": "dum",
      "word": "vles"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "odt",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*flaskā"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *flaskā",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "odt",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*flaskǭ"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *flaskǭ",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *flaskā, from Proto-Germanic *flaskǭ.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "odt-decl-noun-o",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ō/ōn-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flasca",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flasca",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascon",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flasca",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascon",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flasca",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascon",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascon",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascono",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascon",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascon",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "odt",
        "2": "noun",
        "cat2": "",
        "g": "f",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "*flasca f",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "*flasca f",
      "name": "odt-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "flasc"
      },
      "name": "odt-decl-noun-o"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old Dutch",
  "lang_code": "odt",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Old Dutch/flasca",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "bottle, flask"
      ],
      "id": "en-flasca-odt-noun-NpiPlhuK",
      "links": [
        [
          "bottle",
          "bottle"
        ],
        [
          "flask",
          "flask"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "flasca"
}
{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "frk",
        "3": "*flaskā",
        "4": "",
        "5": "bottle, flask"
      },
      "expansion": "Frankish *flaskā (“bottle, flask”)",
      "name": "bor"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Frankish *flaskā (“bottle, flask”). Attested in Isidore.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "flascae",
      "tags": [
        "genitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "la-ndecl",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flasca",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascārum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascīs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascam",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascās",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascā",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascīs",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "ablative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flasca",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascae",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "flasca<1>"
      },
      "expansion": "flasca f (genitive flascae); first declension",
      "name": "la-noun"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "LL."
      },
      "expansion": "(Late Latin)",
      "name": "tlb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "flasca<1>"
      },
      "name": "la-ndecl"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Latin",
  "lang_code": "la",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Late Latin",
        "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
        "Latin feminine nouns",
        "Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
        "Latin first declension nouns",
        "Latin lemmas",
        "Latin nouns",
        "Latin terms borrowed from Frankish",
        "Latin terms derived from Frankish",
        "Pages with 2 entries",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "flask"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "flask",
          "flask"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Late-Latin",
        "declension-1",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "wikipedia": [
        "Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch",
        "Isidore"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "flasca"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Afrikaans",
              "lang_code": "af",
              "word": "fles"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "lang_code": "nl",
          "word": "fles"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Dutch",
      "lang_code": "dum",
      "word": "flassce"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Afrikaans",
              "lang_code": "af",
              "word": "fles"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "lang_code": "nl",
          "word": "fles"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Dutch",
      "lang_code": "dum",
      "word": "flesce"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Afrikaans",
              "lang_code": "af",
              "word": "fles"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "lang_code": "nl",
          "word": "fles"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Dutch",
      "lang_code": "dum",
      "word": "vlessche"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Afrikaans",
              "lang_code": "af",
              "word": "fles"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "lang_code": "nl",
          "word": "fles"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Dutch",
      "lang_code": "dum",
      "word": "vlesch"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Afrikaans",
              "lang_code": "af",
              "word": "fles"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "lang_code": "nl",
          "word": "fles"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Dutch",
      "lang_code": "dum",
      "word": "vles"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "odt",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*flaskā"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *flaskā",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "odt",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*flaskǭ"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *flaskǭ",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *flaskā, from Proto-Germanic *flaskǭ.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "odt-decl-noun-o",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ō/ōn-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flasca",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flasca",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascon",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flasca",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascon",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flasca",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascon",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascon",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascono",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascon",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "flascon",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "odt",
        "2": "noun",
        "cat2": "",
        "g": "f",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "*flasca f",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "*flasca f",
      "name": "odt-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "flasc"
      },
      "name": "odt-decl-noun-o"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old Dutch",
  "lang_code": "odt",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Old Dutch/flasca",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
        "Old Dutch feminine nouns",
        "Old Dutch lemmas",
        "Old Dutch nouns",
        "Old Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
        "Old Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
        "Old Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
        "Old Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
        "Old Dutch ō/ōn-stem nouns",
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "bottle, flask"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "bottle",
          "bottle"
        ],
        [
          "flask",
          "flask"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "flasca"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*flaskā"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *flaskā",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *flaskā.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "g": "f",
        "g2": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "flasca f",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "flasca f",
      "name": "goh-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old High German",
  "lang_code": "goh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "flaska"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Old High German entries with incorrect language header",
        "Old High German feminine nouns",
        "Old High German lemmas",
        "Old High German nouns",
        "Old High German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
        "Old High German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
        "Pages with 2 entries",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "alternative form of flaska"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "flaska",
          "flaska#Old_High_German"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "feminine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "flasca"
}

Download raw JSONL data for flasca meaning in All languages combined (6.7kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-01-19 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-01-01 using wiktextract (d1270d2 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.